這樣的印象是從"Gray's anatomy"裡出來的,
常常是入夜的時候,或者是白天從那家拍攝的醫院空橋往外望去,
淅淅瀝瀝,淒淒清清的雨勢.
1. Prevention: early mobilization for stroke, VitC supplement following wrist fracture
2. Pharmacology:
Topical capsaicin止痛
Bisphosphonate (pamidronate, alendronate): 抑制bone resorption and 減少疼痛
Glucocorticoids (prednisone 40mg QD): 比NSAIDS有效,不過臨床上還是建議從NSAIDs使用起
Calcitonin: 抑制骨頭resoprtion
Sympathetic blocker (propranolol, reserpine, guanethidine): IV or
Alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonist (prazocin, terazosin, phenoxybenzamine)
3. invasive treatment
痛點注射methylprednisolone 40mg
à痛點注射3-5天仍無改善,可用AEDs (gabapentin, ;amotrigine)
TENS unit (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation)
Epidural clonidine: s/e為低血壓或sedation
Regional sympathetic nerve block: 建議做RST (resting skin temperature) & QSART (quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test)前後比較, 是很好的評估指標. Gaglion block/ IV regional block (用ketorolac, methylprednisolone or bretylium)
Dorsal column spinal cord stimulation
Sympathectomy.
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結論:
1. 重點在止痛.臨床上分3 stages,不同stage有不同的治療, 越後面或是failure就要使用invasive
2. 診斷方面,影像學上可以輔助的有bone scintigraphy (stage I & II, clinical < 6months者) & plain film (stage III, 可見patchy osteopenia)
3. 診斷此疾病前要先r/o: DVT, infection, other causes leading to limb edema: cardiovascular, renal, hepatic, lymphatic, tumor